Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Example Essay Example

Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Example Paper Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Introduction This research paper has been compiled through collection of data from various sources about the extent of substance abuse and treatment required for juvenile trustees. The contribution of the Department of Health and Human Services and the output of the Healthy People 2010 campaign on the health concern, health promotion and prevention initiatives have been explored. The past successes, failures and plan that address substance abuse and juvenile arrestees have been analyzed. The departments approach and efforts address the identified health concern have been included in the paper and the appropriate recommendations acted. Introduction The process of educating young people extends beyond curricular requirements. More importance should be geared towards brain experience and strength. The successes of these efforts are important towards the growth and development of the child. Substance abuses together with their related problems have been centric to the concerns of the society in regar d to the problems in the health status as well as social behaviors. One of the major detriments to the society is the escalating number of deaths, prevalence of Aids, high expenses of treatment and care of the affected individuals, eroded talent potentials road accidents, high levels of criminal cases and abandoned children (Gartain, VIahov Galai, 1996). Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Body Paragraphs Individual self destruction and involvement in acts of crimes have been linked to drug dependence. The use of marijuana for example results to some dangerous habits by the user, property destruction, theft, attack on persons and school dropout. Other drugs such as marijuana, methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine among others result to even more advanced harmful effects resulting to illness low productivity, injury, disability and high risks of STDs, T.B, hepatitis and HIV. Cancer, damaged nervous system, brain damage and cell physiology are some advanced effects of substance abuse. The on set of substance abuse at juvenile develops behaviors which indicate mental disorders exhibiting â€Å"novelty-seeking† related behaviors (Gartain, VIahov Galai, 1996). Stigmatization related to substance abuse hinders any measures for their treatment. Identified Indicators Cirrhosis has been widely reported in individuals suffering of heavy drinking for a long span of time which is a cause of increased death rates in the society. Cirrhosis deaths have however declined as a result of alcoholism treatment and efforts of disease management coupled with high prices of alcoholic spirits (Shafter Philip, 1992). Cases of suicide, drug poisoning, psychosis and dependence have significantly been reduced by a reduction of drug abuse in terms of intensity, stage of indulgence and the number of people affected (Shafter Philip, 1992). The emergency department of the hospital receiving cases of drug abusers has reported cases of drug abusers due to dependence, gesture, committing suicide, psychic effects etc. The emergency department assists the affected person with screening as a basis for intervention and treatment to reduce future injuries as well as deaths of the victims. Violent related crimes such as rape, assault, robbery, among others have been associated with substance abuse, the most common being alcohol. Victims of violent among intimate partners have reported drug abuse as the primary cause of the offence (Shafter Philip, 1992). Status of DDHS’s Efforts Major efforts aimed at the prevention of cases of substance abuse in juvenile are contained in policy issues of raising the proportion of juvenile in transition to adulthood with alcohol and other drugs-free life. Their willpower is strengthened while upgrading their skills, awareness and attitudes against these substances and delaying the on set of any potential influence towards indulgence into substance abuse. There has been a significant decline in the proportion of young people in their secondary education phases who have abstained from use of drugs since their childhood. This is a positive achievement of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the motivating factor for Health People 2010 Campaign (Clemente, 2006). DHHS has concerted efforts geared towards success. Education for the purpose of enhancing awareness is healthy towards the behavior of individuals and groups as well as attitudes towards the substances abuse. Steps intervening the environmental changes towards difficulty in accessibility of the substances so commonly abuse are also healthy approaches. Further plans for DHHS are geared towards programs to the society and specific groups identified either as at high risk or at early stages of abuse to substances (Clemente, 2006). Efforts of DHHs and Health people 2010 compaign The efforts of DHHS target to reduce the rates of crimes, high cases of child abuse, high rates of juvenile arrests, enhanced public safety, low reported cases of homicides, gang violence and crimes to property. Most or all of these ills are caused by instances of substance abuse which are mostly prevalent in young people (Dorsman, 1998). The most significant consequences of substances abuse in school dropout who affects the future of the child and the overall society. The child’s future is associated with poverty which in essence is a direct cause of criminal activities. Juvenile arrests and imprisonment complicates the situation and it is never a solution to the problem. The circumstance imparts tolerance and adaptation to the negative side of life by the affected. This calls for early efforts towards prevention and treatment of substance abuse related disorders (Dorsman, 1998). Progress for DHHS’S efforts. Overt some past years there have been notable public safety which has been shown through research to be the most significant concern in people’s life. The use of various safety indicators reveals that poverty is related to incidences of crime to reduce poverty through awareness and reduction of substance abuse has therefore been an important contribution of DHHS’S efforts in the healthy people 2010 campaign. Public safety has essentially resulted to a good quality life and a significant reduction of cases of child abuse. At the same time rape cases, violent robbery, assault cases and homicide has drastically dec lined indicating potential positive influence of DHHS and the healthy people 2010 campaign (Hahn, 2006). Property crimes have also drastically declined with low cases of burglary, and thefts of motor vehicle parts. The arrests cases of Juvenile have declined by over 50 percent leading to a decline in felony offences. Cases of people killing others have also undergone significant shrinkage. Crimes conducted by gangsters have also decreased over the last five years. Research has established a positive properly established relationship between substance abuse and the use of drugs to incidences of crime. Data has revealed that about 50% of convicts in the systems holding criminal justice are potential drug users and substance abusers. Involvement in crime is a result of impairment in the capacity of the brain to make coherent judgment (Karch, 2006). More children have been able to concentrate in learning activities in schools significantly improving their academic grades. This has resul ted to reduced juvenile crimes and ultimately reduced juvenile arrests parents have been encouraged to involve their children in programs of health insurance, as well as proper nutrition which have resulted to improved health of young people (Strauss David 2001). DHHS also targets gang involvement in substance abuse, violence that results after substance abuse and the trade in illicit drugs. The weakening of gang cohesion is a significant solution to these problems. More efforts are required of law enforcement agents to track down and arrest the more advanced gangs to bring down the number of gang carried problems. DHHS has also made big contributions to advocate for the issue of driving licenses easiest at the age of 21 years. This helps to reduce the cases of juveniles who may be drunk to be involved in road accidents. This has brought about significant decline in drunk driving among young people (Karch, 2006). However in majority cases of juvenile arrestees, it has been reported that marijuana is on the verge of increase. Other substances that have been abused in juvenile arrestees include cocaine and methamphetamine whose urinalysis and interviews conduced revealed cases of up to 50 per cent of the total in mates are users of these drugs (Karch, 2006). Recommendations; Preventing Youth Drug Use The community is responsible to work with the youths on matters of substance abuse and the potential reduction initiatives. Community programs should be properly funded and their leadership streamlined to enhance and their development and success towards the stated objectives. The assessment of the use of a drug should be conducted at all the stages of the process with the aim of administering the right treatment (Karch, 2007). The intervention to individuals at the early stages of substance abuse should be a priority. The laws that regulate setting of alcoholic beverages to young people should be upheld and programs geared towards prevention from alcohol by the yo uth adequately funded such youth campaigns should also integrate the youth in policy issues and measures of enforcing the light practices that keep alcohol and young people apart (Karch, 2007). Youth organized in groups are of vital help to low enforcers’ efforts towards curbing the sales of alcoholic drinks and other illicit drugs to young people. The youth team’s campaigns can be vital tools towards public awareness and family habits that encourage behaviors towards alcohol consumption by young people. Conclusion Health people 2010 has also made great strides in enhancing the physical fitness, access to health child abuse, juvenile felony and arrests of juvenile in connection to armed crimes The escalated abuse of the substances by the juvenile created problems of school failure, mental and family problems. DHHS and Healthy People 2010 Campaign has had significant contribution towards the improvement of medical health and upgrading the justice system for the juvenile . DHHS and Health People 2010 campaign advocates for school programs with objectives of changing the influence of peers on drug abuse and increasing the will power of young people to resist peer pressure towards drugs. Peer leadership community participation and involving parents in the fight against substance abuse is part of their strategy. The department has also advocated counseling on improved motivations for upright norms and behaviors among the juvenile. To raise the awareness of the youth and the society at large, education and appropriate training is the most important strategy to address drug abuse. Alternative strategies include, diversity of activities among the youth, strengthen families, training parents building the confidence of the youth, building and mobilizing the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse Treatment in Juvenile Arrestees Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Requiem for a Dream essays

Requiem for a Dream essays Darren Aronofsky based his film, Requiem for a Dream, on the novel by Hubert Selby Jr. In the hands of director Aronofsky, it becomes a cinematic masterpiece that will certainly rattle anyones complacency about the nature of dependency. In writer/director Darren Aronofskys film, Requiem for a Dream, the audience is given an unforgettable experience as they watch the lives of four protagonists become undone by their various addictions. Their circumstances become more difficult and desperate, they increasingly turn to something that they hope will fill the void in their lives, whether it be heroin, diet pills, food, television, or merely their spurious dreams. Unfortunately, these temporary remedies quickly become the centers of their lives, until all their energies and efforts are directed to getting the next hit, regardless of the personal cost. Told in a brutal and uncompromising manner, Requiem for a Dream is probably one of the most disturbing films about drug addiction and i ts debilitating effects ever produced, and yet it easily qualifies as one of the best directed films ever. The story tracks the tailspin descent of its main characters through three acts, appropriately named: Summer, Fall, and Winter. At the start of Summer, they are already creatures of habit. Unemployed Harry Goldfarb (Jared Leto) spends his days stealing and scheming for drug money, with the help of his partner in crime Tyrone (Marlon Wayans) and his girlfriend Marion (Jennifer Connelly), who also share in his addiction. In addition, Harrys widowed mother Sara (Ellen Burstyn), spends her days locked up in her apartment, suffering from the dual addictions of food and television. What eventually does them in are their grandiose aspirations, a symptom of there already battered self-esteem. Harry dreams of moving up in life by becoming a dealer, which will not only create an enhanced life, but will also provide Marion the seed cap...

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Moral Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral Autobiography - Essay Example Genetics made me possess certain innate qualities that I find difficult to erase. However, it seems to me that socialization had a larger role in deciding my outward behavior (Text). For example, my present skills, knowledge, values, emotions and my role are all decided by the society. Admittedly, the very beginning of my socialization was from family followed by peers, school and the wider society. Thus, the beginning of my ethics was from my family, especially my parents. As my father is a Jew and mother has no affiliation with any religion, I grew up with no influence of any religion on me. However, the values of ethics that developed in me were mainly imported from the values I observed in my parents. In the early stages of my life, that is play, I imitated the surroundings I saw. I played doctor, police, father and teacher. At this stage, even without my knowing, the basic values of ethics were getting inculcated. Evidently, in the beginning, my ethics was entirely normative in nature. Admittedly, it was somewhat in the kind of the Golden Rule that one should do to others what one wants others to do to one. I learnt the fact that I should respect my parents, teachers and all elders. In addition, certain fundamentals like killing or harming is bad, it is good to help others were also incorporated into my ethical repertoire. Here, the tenets of Role Theory seem useful. According to the theory, the observable social behavior of people is like carrying out ones role in the society. For example, as a child I was made to obey my parents and all other elders I met. In addition, as the Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests, I started developing the concept of self. As I was defining myself, I found myself taking the role of a son and a student. As a child, I used to observe and play the roles of various people. As I imitated my father, I observed how my father has been with me, and thus I got the ideas of ethics. Admittedly, at this stage, I got no influence of rel igion, and the only ethical aspects of my life came from my parents' advice and observation I made. As a result of the normative nature of my ethics, I can say it was virtue ethics that I upheld in the beginning. It was inculcated not as my duty, but as a virtue I should develop. If I try to mention them, the very first thing is that one is supposed to respect all elders, especially parents and teachers. In addition, I found that unnecessarily harming anyone is morally wrong as Symbolic Interaction Theory claims. As I found that others do not engage in such activities that are harmful to others, I realized that harming others is immoral. However, as I reached adolescence and started mingling with may people, I reached what is called utilitarian concept. I found the fat that if I behave well with others, there is the feeling of wellbeing in the group I live. In addition, there was the development of deontological idea that I can expect in return, the kind of virtue I produce. In addi tion, I rightly followed the principles of virtue ethics by trying to develop a eudaimon life that gives satisfaction. Admittedly, this took place mainly because my parents, especially my mother taught me that if one has virtue in life, or if one always does good things in life, one will have peace and thus will be a good human being. However, reaching adolescence and reaching the Christian school, my concepts of ethics developed and altered a lot. Admittedly, Christian ethics varies from ethics in general. While Christian ethics stress on what

Introduction to health behaviours and to Health Psychology Essay - 1

Introduction to health behaviours and to Health Psychology - Essay Example Research indicates that these tobacco leaves, when combusted, release active substances which create a sensation in the human body which is why the activity is sometimes also referred to as recreational use of drugs. In most cases, when the cigarette is lighted, vapors are created which heat up the aerosol in such a way that the gases that are discharged to be inhaled by the smokers. An analysis of the health hazards related to smoking reveals striking evidence of extreme risks it poses. Research indicates that smoking alone is responsible for causing preventable death on a global level, where in the USA alone, around 500,000 deaths are attributed to smoking hazards (Eysenck 2000: 12-13). Furthermore, due to the highly invasive yet insidious risks related to smoking, public policy is now being focused in the area. More so, critical hazards are associated with the asendorphins or the dopamines are the chemicals which directly incite the nerve endings of the brains after which they ten d to trigger sensations mostly pertaining to pleasure. Aside from the critical health hazards, smoking also influences major behavioral patterns and human psyche, due to which psychologists also spend major tenure studying psychology of smoking. A significant development regarding psychological research in the area of smoking took place somewhere in the mid 20th century. During this era, psychologists like Hans Eysenck started working on profiling the personality of smokers during that era. Thus, the paper aims at exploring the issue from both psychological as well as medical perspective to seek a complete account of the issue. To understand the related health hazards and the following psychological hazards, it is crucial to study the process which goes into the activity comprising smoking. In most cases, the cigarette is contained inside a compound of aerosol inclusive particles along with other gases and activated

Sri Lankan Economy Essay

Sri Lankan Economy Essay Sri Lanka proved to be the best bet in Asia in early 50s with its economic stability and well structured infrastructure. To prove that, when Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew visited in Sri Lanka in mid 50s, stated that Singapore would like to imitate Sri Lanka. Since gaining the independence in 1948, the progression of development in Sri Lanka has captured the thoughts of a mixture of economists and politicians. The ruling governments changed constantly and none of them could implement a national standpoint in the development of economy. 30 years on, the island country faced an unsullied problem in terrorism. The countrys economic development brought to a standstill since then. In addition to that, on 26th of December 2004, over one million citizens were exiled in a matter of hours as the Tsunami flowed across Sri Lankas shores. 34,000 died. 97,000 residences were either destroyed or damaged. Thousands of enterprises, including in the economically vital tourism sector , were destroyed. The desolation that swallowed up the country in those unpleasant days was difficult to describe. In this research, the aim of the author is to find methods to develop the economy of Sri Lanka which has been brought to a standstill by the terrorist activities in the island country. The liberation Tamil tigers of eelaam, commonly known as LTTE, were seeking a separate country and they had carried out several terror activities in the country since early 80s. The LTTE was mainly based in north and eastern parts of the island though they were active in the other areas and especially in the capital, Colombo. It made a huge impact on countrys economy in numerous ways such as downfall in tourism industry, agriculture industry, fisheries industry and foreign investments. Sri Lanka suffered huge set back in terms of economic development ever since. In this research, the author expect to locate that how terrorism had effected in Sri Lankan economy in the past 3 decades and which sectors had effected mainly and how Sri Lanka can recover and develop its economy with the end of the war. Colla pse in agriculture sector in north and eastern parts of the country, which is one third of the land directly affected the agricultural economy. Being a cultivated friendly soil and climate helped the northern and eastern part of the country to contribute to the economy but with the start of the war farmers were discouraged to involve in the industry as the conflict started to take lives of innocent civilians and land mines replaced the cultivations in the lands. Sri Lanka has sea area of which is 20 times the size of the country but LTTE had the control over one third of the coast line for the last 30 years. The LTTE used the sea route to smuggle arms and LTTE imposed a ban on fishing in their controlled areas. Even government had to impose some restrictions to the industry as they were concerned about the safety of the fishermen. Those restrictions composed low output in the industry which could have made a fortune by exporting raw and canned fish industry. As a result of the situa tion, thousands of local fishermen lived in LTTE control areas for last 30 years had a difficult existence. Foreign investments have taken away by the Insecurity of the country and investors were not encouraged with the unstable economy. An attack to the International Air Port of the city which cost billions to the government discourage the foreign investors to operate in Sri Lanka and several attempts to attack the main Ports of the country lead insurance companies to increase their charges which resulted in higher cost in productions directed investors to find other safe and low cost destinations especially in far east Asia. The attack to the International Air Port, attacks to some tourist destinations and bomb blasts in the capital, especially targeting the public, discouraged foreign visitors and some countries even impose ban on their citizen to visit Sri Lanka as they identified the country as an unsafe place to tour. Those situations resulted in lack of foreign currency flow in to the country as well as hotel industry collapsed with costing thousands of jobs for locals. Apart from t hose major sectors which could have contributed to the countrys economic development, LTTEs existence in the northern and eastern parts of the country prevented some local industries such as Salterns, Paper Industry, Ilmenite deposit sites and local cement industry. Had them not been terminated, the government could have save billions of rupees which had to pay for the exportation of above mentioned products and services and could have generate thousands of job opportunities to the locals which is a solution for the unemployment and uneasiness of the youths. This report mainly looks at various obstructions faced in the development procedure and the implementation of reforms, particularly with the end of 30 years long war. In the first part of the report, which is the literature review, the author examines the previous literature regarding Sri Lankan economy, effects of war to the economy, present and future development plans in books, journals and news paper articles and in the web. The second part examines the techniques to overcome the development difficulties to be the best commercial hub in Asia. Introduction Sri Lanka faces a historic prospect to progress from a lower-income country caught up in conflict, to a middle-income nation in permanent peace. Sri Lankas growth has reached a crucial stage. Thanks to fairly rapid economic growth that pushed per capita income over the US$ 1800 by 2010 and with traditionally high levels of human development, Sri Lanka is on the brink of becoming a matured middle-income nation. Until 2009, Sri Lankas growth had been controlled by three decades of conflict regardless of the countrys highly educated population. The conclusion of the conflict with the separatist LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) in 2009 offers an opportunity for the government to start on reforms and work with foreign sector together with private sector to establish a more dynamic and energetic economy. Sri Lanka had innate from the British colonial ruling a commercially well structured plantation sector when the time of independence in 1948. Tea, rubber and coconut contributed 90 per cent of the export revenue. About 40 years ago, Sri Lanka was measured as a paradise in Asia. It had the best communal indicators in the region. What a disappointment that this beautiful nation which was the utmost promises of the most demanding continent on the earth, Sri Lanka was incorporating into south Asian regular market and Colombo was rising as an important regional harbour as have turn out to be the greatest misfortune. Sri Lankas growth over the years took place under traumatic surroundings. It could not compete with the development successes of South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore which countries that had similar GDP levels to that of Sri Lanka in the late 50s. In early 80s Sri Lanka was ready for an economic resurgence. More than 40 foreign apparel firms had invested in board of Investments of Sri Lanka (BOI) controlled free-trade zone north of Colombo, and office towers been built on the city of Colombo in expectation of new economical revolution. Now the country that desired to be an economic centre of southern Asia has plunged behind such countries similar to Singapore and Malaysia. Since 1983, the danger of assaults by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) came into view as the separatist outfit fought for a self-governing Tamil state in the north and the east of Sri Lanka. As a result of this Sri Lankan governments could not take a contribution effectively from the affected area where almost 19,000 km2, which is 28% of the whole land of the country. Although the Sri Lankan armed forces defeated the LTTE in May 2009, the riot caused significant sufferings for the public, economy and environment of the country, with over 80,000 people formally listed as killed during its process. The cost of armed conflict had a great impact on the economy. It has two divisions in direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs have a straight attribution to the conflict such as loss of capital assets and labour, other military expenses. Indirect costs are the loss of foreign capital; occur due to the security situation of the country, emigration of skilled work force and to urist outflows. Despite a fierce conflict that began in 1983, economic growth has maintained around 4.5%. In 2001, however, Gross Domestic Production (GDP) growth was negative (-) 1.4%, the only reduction since independence, as a result of poor administration of the military expenses of the SLFP lead government, which lead to huge government expenses and foreign borrowings. Growth then improved to 4.0% in 2002. Following the 2002 ceasefire agreement of the UNP government, which LTTE used to strengthen militarily and subsequent economic transformations, the economy developed more swiftly, recording growth rates of 6.0% and 5.4% in 2003 and2004 respectively it is recording a estimated growth of 5.40% in 2010. Sri Lankan government is forecasting a real GDP growth of an average 6.12% per annum between 2010 and 2014. During the period of 2010-2014, the government is planning to increase GDP per capita by 72% from $36.8 billion and a 7.8% annual growth during 2010-2014. With the end of conflict, huge part in the North and East of the country, abandoned for nearly 30 years, stand to accept a considerable encouraging motivation. Peace is broadly expected to introduce a new life into the tourism sector, which so far could not obtain its full potential. After over a quarter century of terrorists danger, Sri Lanka is finally observing a rising in tourism. The island with plentiful natural beauty is attracting visitors, mainly from India, not just with beautiful beaches, forests and wild animals, but also with new appeals like ayurveda (a historic herbal Medicare system) and adventure. With the victorious ending of the decades-long conflict in last May 2009 and the re-opening of the major north-south A9 highway, local and foreign tourists have driven or flown to Sri Lankas North and East to visit places of religious and natural attractions. Security circumstances in the country give a new hope for the residents; especially in north and east. With the flow of people to their regions, they have involved in micro businesses; start making an income for their lives rather than being in clutches of LTTE. People of the north and east are naturally experts in Agriculture and fishing. The Sri Lankan Government is planning to restore these lost livelihoods of the people of the North as an outcome of the conflict. Although the North cannot be built up in a hurry given the destruction it has suffered during the past 30 years, the Government is dedicated to restoring the shattered economy as well as cultural and social life as quickly as possible. A boost in foreign investment and tourism, along with enhanced employment and large-scale rebuilding projects in the North, are expected to maintain and accelerate Sri Lankas development in the near future. The country also rises to attract more Foreign Direct Investment through BOI especi ally in the rapidly increasing business process outsourcing sector (BPO) which embraces considerable guarantee. The future of Sri Lanka changed when former Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa elected as the head of the state. The President defeated the barbaric LTTE outfit, 4 years in to his office and has started the promised economic development throughout the country. President Rajapaksas broad economic tactic was summarized in his election manifesto in 2009, which now directs government economic strategy. The policies focus on navigating investments in to disadvantaged areas; developing the small and medium enterprises (SME); poverty alleviation and promotion of agriculture, tourism and expanding the civil service. The government has structured a 10-year development framework to improve growth through a mixture of large infrastructure projects. The government discards the privatization of state owned enterprises, including airports, electrical utilities and strategically valued enterprises such as state-owned banks. Instead, it plans to keep ownership and administration of these enterprises a nd operating them as profitable institutes. According to Guerrero, I. (2010) Sri Lanka, emerging from three decade-long armed conflict, is at a critical juncture of transition to a middle income country in lasting peace. Kohona, P.T.B. (2010) States that Sri Lanka is at a critical juncture in its history and its development process must continue. Kohona, P.T.B (2010) further states that as normalcy returns, Sri Lankan companies established abroad, are beginning to discover the opportunities opening up especially in the areas of tourism, fisheries and agriculture. The North and the East present inspiring prospects in these areas. Special encouragements are provided by the administration for investing in the North and the East. This is in addition to the encouragements provided for all foreign investments. World Bank (2010) states that Sri Lankas economy expanded by 3.3% in the second half of 2009, the fastest rate recorded since 2002. Increases in foreign direct investment and tourism are expected to sustain and accelerate Sri Lankas growth throughout 2010. Indicators, such as increased registration in new motor-vehicle registration and electricity generation, confirmed a strong increase in economic activity for the region. In addition, the agriculture, transportation, and communication sectors showed strong performance in the last quarter of 2009. Colombo Page (2010) states that the Sri Lankan government targets to increase the countrys per capita income to USD 4,000 over the next five years under the presidents (Hon. Mahinda Rajapaksa) elections economic manifesto. The manifesto maps out a development plan to increase the per capita income to USD 4,000 by 2015 from the current income of USD 2,000 and the plan is based on development in five sectors naval, aviation, knowledge, commerce, and energy while the government expect the commitment from the general public to develop the country and uplift the living standards of the population. Ports Ports and cargo handling have a huge promise in development of Sri Lankan economy. Being close to an international shipping route will give the advantage to the government to capitalize. There was a lack of international ships operations in Sri Lanka over the past two decades due to terrorist activities. That resulted in fewer foreign exchange gaining. The end of the conflict has given the government of Sri Lanka to invest in new ports projects to enhance the gross domestic production of the country. According to Daily News (2010) Sri Lanka Port Authority (SLPA) declared that the Colombo Port records a highest ever monthly container throughput in March 2010. It has handled a record volume of 360,801 TEUs (Twenty foot Equivalent Units) with a growth rate of 27.4 percent, showing signs of an economic boom in the immediate future. Sri Lanka Colombo port gains many opportunities to enhance the economy with the proximity of the port to India and other major shipping routes between Asia an d Europe. Another 286 hectares will be added and expand the area in order to enhance the international marine industry services. Construction of the fourth terminal increases the Colombos cargo facility by 50 %. The SLPA has embarked on a number of mega development projects aiming at capacity expansion and other state-of-the-art technological requirements with a view to making SLPA on par with the top notch ports in the world. Colombo Page (2010) States that the Sri Lankan government is aiming to commence novel projects to gain international support and to widen the ports network in the country. Reuters (2010) states that Sri Lankan government is seeking sponsorships from external investors for the $1.5 billion Hambantota port project and the external investments will coincide with the November opening of the port on Sri Lankas southern coast, along an ancient Silk Road trading route and one of the worlds biggest East-West shipping lanes. The poor economy can be improved by this single large project by the services which are involving. War was a major point which let the economy down for more than quarter century and this is going to be an opportunity to renovate the economy status. External and internal companies are encouraged by Sri Lankan government to operate new $550 million tax free port zone plans to invite overseas and local companies to set up operations in a new $550 million tax free port zone in order to enhance the outcome. Ondaatjie, A. (2010) states that the Island is also 19 miles south east of India, the worlds second fastest growing major economy. The openi ng of the shipbuilding, ship repair and warehouse facilities will be provided by Companies from Australia, India, China, Russia and Dubai. It is beneficial to Sri Lanka being situated on the route between the Malacca straights and the Suez Canal. The canal is a connection between Asia and Europe. Usually 47 ships a day utilize Suez Canal which can be an advantage. Sri Lankas Hambantota port project is moderately prepared to carry out the functions by November 2010. Port World (2010) States that the first phase of the project consists of two general purpose berths, one bunkering berth and a small craft berth of 120 metres long. The $360 million first phase includes a $76.5 million bunker terminal with an initial capacity of 500,000 metric tonnes (mt).The terminal will have 14 tanks for marine fuel and six others for aviation fuel and LPG. The completion of the four stages of the port project will be within next 15 years from 2007. The project is a chance to advance many areas including employments, public services, airport, Highways, railways, refinery and ancillary facilities. Countrys economy will be benefitted from the project and Hambantota which was a neglected region will improve in to a commercial city not only in the country but in the South Asian region. Inhabitants had to endure due to the shortage of proper accommodation, water, elec tricity and employments. This can be a huge occasion for the residents of Hambantota with thousands of upcoming job opportunities. In completion of the two major harbours, Sri Lanka can expect a mammoth improvement in economy in coming 5 to 10 years. Aviation When operations at its peak, the LTTE even had Air military unit and they had six runways. After capturing them all, government now plans to improve them in to local air destinations for tourists and training bases. Colombo Page (2010) states that the government decide to put up a complex equipped with a training and research institute in Iranamadu in order to reconstruct the affected area. The LTTE during their reign had built six airstrips in the thick jungles of the North and the strip at Iranamadu near an irrigation reservoir was the main site for their tiny air wing. With the influx of tourist to the country with the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka is planning to expand its aviation industry. BBC (2010) claims that China is going to provide $200m (Â £133m) to Sri Lanka for the second international airport in the southern part of the country and work has already begun on the airport. In addition to the second International Airport, India also planned to build an Airport in northern part of the country. According to Business Standard (2010) Airports Authority of India (AAI) is planning to build an airport at Palali in northern Sri Lanka. The project will improve the relationship with southern India which had uneasiness during the war time. With the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) has started a domestic flight service and it has turned into a well-liked mode of transportation between the North and the South. Colombo Page (2010) States that the Helitours has flown 2,669 passengers and was the only fastest route to travel to Jaffna in the North before the main A9 Jaffna-Kandy highway was opened. Helitours offers scheduled flights to Palely in Jaffna Peninsula and China Bay in Trincomalee in the East. In addition to domestic aviation, there is a huge increase in international aviation as highest ticketing sales have reported in the march in this year. According to Perera, H. (2010) the sales for the month of March 2010 were over Rs. 2.6 billion to various destinations. Arrival of more tourists has shown a great improvement in aviation industry in Sri Lanka which is an indication of increase the tourism in the country. Agriculture According to Kohona, P.T.B (2010) the agricultural infrastructure demolished by the LTTE is in the process of restoring. According to World Bank (2010) improving the agricultural field will assist to increased agricultural production in the North. It will hold the food prices low and Inflation is anticipated to go relatively low in 2010. It is noticed that now there is a huge demand for the tea export. Positive weather patterns, appropriate use of fertilizer and economic improvement in the country are the other contributions. According to Colombo Page (2010) there is an increase by 27.8 percent in six months of 2009 than 2010 which was 166.9 million kilos. The increase of tea production from 24.9 to 29.5 is a proof that the tea production has increases in 2010 than in 2009.The demand for Sri Lanka tea declined in world market during the past period due to a number of reasons including restrictions from some Europe countries in terms of international trading facilities (GSP+) as a result of the conflict. According to Radio Netherlands Worldwide (2010) increase in the crop allowed gaining the record of 1.4 billion dollars from tea export in this year. They earned 1.3 billion dollars in export sales in 2009 from foreign market under the trade name of Ceylon Tea. Tea shipments from January to June rose to 143.3 million from 134.5 million kilograms in the same period of 2009. Sri Lanka expects to maximise the volume with new markets in the future as country is heading without a political and economic uneasiness. With the conclusion of the terrorist activities, Sri Lanka has begun to improve the economy which based on a home grown system. On the other hand, it protects the traditions of local farmers as well. The government plans to find out a method to save the money which they spent on foreign products. According to Colombo Page (2010) setting up a process to produce liquid milk is one of the results of it. As annually, 20 billion rupees are spent to import milk powder products from international markets. One of the proposals is to launch two Ultra-Heat Treated (UHT) milk processing plants in Milco in Colombo and in Polonnaruwa. By 2015 the government expect to increase the milk production from 22% to 50%. Encouraging the public to utilize of fresh milk is a step to save billions of rupees on imported powdered milk. Fisheries Apart from Hambanthota harbour government is building one of the largest fisheries port in recently captured are of Eastern province. According to Bandara, S.A. (2010) the construction of a harbour in the Eastern Province was decided in the Government as part of a broader infrastructural development drive undertaken to improve the quality of life and ensure economic growth. Construction of Oluvil harbour with a trade complex and a fisheries port in Eastern coast will be terminated sooner than the end of the year. It is proposed to open for the public by the beginning of 2011. The main purpose of the harbour is to progress all the activities in the Eastern region. The government is also planning to promote the newly captured areas as tourist destinations in addition to fisheries industry. Colombo Page (2010) States that under the Northern development plans, Mullative, former military base of LTTE, is proposed to open for tourists with some great facilities as well as fisheries-based e ngineering equipment industry. Tourism According to Colombo page (2010) after the war Sri Lankan tourism industry is recovering and showing a great path following the end of the war last year and has seen an increase in the number of foreign tourist arrivals to the country. Colombo Page (2010) further states that the tourism industry has increased comparing to last year with nearly 16 percent. Irish Sun (2010) states that after the historic defeat of terrorism, the tourism industry has been on the rise with increased interest from foreign tourists as well. Interactive Investor (2010) illustrates that first five months of 2009, tourist industry has gone down by 19.8% due to the war. When compared to last year it has boost from 21.7% with the ending of the war in May. Colombo Page (2010) states that more hotel room accommodations were required by the end of the conflict in may 2009 with the demand of the tourist industry. The tourist arrivals have been steadily increasing and tourist arrivals rose nearly 48% in June compare d to 2009. Most of the hotels are in a competition with each other to supply more accommodation and services to arrival of tourists to the country. The Tourism Board of Sri Lanka expects to attract 2.5 million tourists by 2016 and to earn 2 billion-dollar annual income. According to World Bank (2010) the hotel industry is growing approximately 32% due to an arrival of tourists raise the hotel industry by around 32% after the end of the conflict. It was increased from 34,000 to 52,352 at the end of June 2010. Colombo Page (2010) states that the Indians topped the list of tourists arriving in the country with 8,607 and tourists from United Kingdom (8,559) and Germany (5,305) are closely follow. According to The Island (2010) considering the industrys potential to grow in post-war Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) estimates that income from this sector could reach around US$ 600 million this year, from an estimated number of 600,000 total arrivals. Tourism industry is speedily rising and the year 2011 has been listed as the visit Sri Lanka. In January this year, visitors from Middle East rising from 1,176 to 2,674 and the growth rate were 127.4% where as Western Europe had around 445 visitors which was an increase of 87.8 %. The number of Eastern Europe tourists developed by 55.8 percent while entrance from South Asia increased by 28.2 %. SLTDA plans to develop another 13,000 new rooms to compete the demand from increasing arrivals. In addition to that The Island (2010) states that the tourism board had planned to increase the yield per visitor from the current US$80 to US$130 for 2009. Colombo page, (2010) states according to the government statistics, almost 4 million tourists of both foreign and locals have visited in Jaffna, the capital of Northern Province after the end of the war. A huge number of travellers turned up in the east to visit the beaches in the area. The government also plans to establish a tourist corridor along the coastal line connecting Arugum Bay, Pasikkudah Beach in Batticaloa and Nilaweli Beach in Trincomalee. Infrastructure of the Jaffna and East cities, hotels and other services should be improved to meet the increasing demand of tourism. Sri Lankan tourists board is showing more attention on bring the number of tourists close to 1.5 million by year 2011. At the moment Sri Lanka has nearly 14,500 hotel rooms in the country. The government needs to take it up to close to 50,000 by then. Irish Sun (2010) States that the developmental plans and marketing plans being worked out to attract as many foreign visitors as possible. Vigorous promoti ons in terms of trade and consumer fairs will take place in their key markets. Britain, Middle East, India, France, Germany and China are the leading countries of it. Usually the product offering has been limited to sun, sand and sea. Now novel product offerings are being developed to improve the observed component of tourism. They are consisting of ayurveda, eco-tourism, and wildlife adventure tourism. Even tourists are happy to be in the country that boasts of beautiful, clean beaches, tempting water sports, breathtaking mountains, abundant rivers and waterfalls and an abundance of wildlife. According to The Island (2010) the government is discussing a US$ 18 million loan with World Bank in order to develop the infrastructure to satisfy the short time rising demand in tourist industry. That would distribute US$ 4.8 million to arrange business plans, improve technical capacity and to carry out existing laws which is related to tourism. US$ 8.1 million is earmarked to develop tourism infrastructure in the East which was demolished by LTTE in last 3 decades. The project plans to employ local communities and include them in the operation. Another US$ 4.6 million is used to support in form a business model to continue tourism for a longer period. Industries, Investments and Infrastructure Development Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2010) States that the northern region devastated by the decades-long conflict is seeing an economic revival with the opening of A-9 highway, the main land route that connects the northern Jaffna peninsula with the southern main land. With the economic prospects in the northern part of the country are increasing day by day, its vital that the central bank also planning to set up a local offices for the benefit of the people and Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC) is the first foreign bank to open a branch of over 90 banking facilities has been approved by the CBSL to operate in the northern region. In addition to that, Colombo Page (2010) states that Japan has hold discussions on a wide range of Japanese aid for post-war development in the country including Japanese investors to play an energetic role in the development of infrastructure in variety of fields including highways, power and energy, irrigation systems, and the health sector. Colombo Page (2010) further states that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) had announced that it is providing US$150 million in emergency loan to the Government of Sri Lanka for projects which will support reconstruction of urgently-needed infrastructure, to restore essential services and revive livelihood opportunities for people in war-affected regions. ADBs aid will increase and strengthen the reconstruction of immediately needed necessary economic and social infrastructure and organizational services, and create sustainable employment prospects in the war-torn area. According to Kuroda, H (2010) one year after a decades-old civil conflict ended in Sri Lanka, top priority of development is to make sure that rapid reconstruction continues in the conflict-affected areas and the benefits of development reach everyone in the country. This attempt will promote investments in undersized areas including the areas affected by the conflict. Colombo Page (2010) reports that the Central bank o f Sri Lanka (CBSL) has established a special loan scheme to the benefit of the small and medium scale businesses in the war ravaged north and aims to uplift the livelihood of their people. It is really important to uplift the micro and medium scale business in the area parallel to the development of other infrastructures as this process help to rebuild the peoples livelihood but all the financial grants should be disburse through a well structured system. Among the promising enterprises in the area, food processing and especially canned fish industry hold a great stake. Shivaramakrishnan, P. (2010) states that the food processing industry in Jaffna will get a big boost as a result of the first International Trade Fair and it is organised to improve and uplift the economy of Jaffna resulting upon the situation being better now. Due to the conflict in the area, no equipment or any technological development has reache

The African Diaspora

The term Diaspora means the dispersion of people from their original homeland. The term African Diaspora refers to the dispersion of the African people across the world throughout the human history. This is a complex process created by the movements and mobility of African people across the globe. The presence of the black people in the Americas, Asia and Europe is the result of African Diaspora. This paper will discuss the African Diaspora and in context of the modern era with a brief account of its history. African Diaspora Historically:The African Diaspora is not a phenomenon of the Middle Ages when the Western nations enslaved millions of Africans and transported them to the Caribbean, Americas. During the post Christian era the African continent has been a center of a glorious civilization. During the Islamic rule the Africans prospered and at that time invaded the Iberian Peninsula along the Arabs. This amalgamation of Afro-Arabic culture created the glorious Moorish civilizati on in the Iberian Peninsula which lasted until the 15th Century A.D.Many Africans settled across the Asian continent during this period of Islamic rule because of near absence of racial discrimination in the Islamic society. That’s why many people of African origin are still seen in Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Indian Subcontinent and other predominantly Muslim areas. In the middle of the 15th Century the western explorers discovered new lands and continents in the Western Hemisphere. These discoveries unveiled potentials of riches and wealth by plantation in the Americas and Caribbean.To fulfill the needs of these Plantations the Western nations looked towards the African Continent. From this age nearly 11 million taken to the New World, 8 Million to the European Countries while 4 million were transported to the plantations in the Indian Ocean. (Larson, 1999) This was largest forced migration and dispersion of the people of African ancestry in the history and shaped the African Dias pora of modern times. African Diaspora in Modern Age: In the 21st Century both the people living inside the African continent and outside it are sustaining harsh and adverse conditions.People in the African continent are torn by Civil Wars, famine, poverty, fallacies of the leadership and the worst AIDs epidemic. Africans have the largest infant and maternal mortality rate in the world as well as the lowest life expectancy in the world. Most of the Africans are deprived of education, medication and other primary needs. The conditions of the Africans living abroad are also not that favorable. The largest group of people of African ancestry living outside the home continent is Afro-Brazilians.The situation of Afro-Brazilians is no better than their brethren living in Africa. Officially they constitute 45% of the population of Brazil but their contribution in education, business, military and legislation in nothing compared to their population ratio. Whites are dominant in every profit able sector and white collar jobs are only secured for Whites. Blacks living in cities are forced to live in segregated suburbs, where there are no modern municipal facilities provided.Other countries with prominent black populations are the United States and Canada (Combine population 4 million), Caribbean 15 million, France 2 million, U. K. 1. 6 million. (African Diaspora) Conclusion: The African Diaspora in the modern era despite all the slogans of racial equality has been deliberately deprived of all the rights and facilities enjoyed by the developed nations. If the developed nations didn’t take serious measures to cure the deteriorating situation of the African people things will go beyond control.